Âventiure

1491

2009-09-05T11:15:00.001-07:00

The main idea in this book is that there were a lot more Indians in the Americas before 1492 than is commonly believed. Also the author argues that the Indians actively controlled and shaped their environment more than has been thought.

But the most controversial and interesting notion in this book appears in its brief last chapter. Here Mr. Mann suggests that the early European settlers in North America admired the freedom, social equality and independence the Indian cultures enjoyed, and that these values became ingrained in Americans and set them thusly apart from their European ancestors over time.

Whether there is such a causal connection has been debated. But it is clear that citizens of the United States do cherish their freedom and independence. This was brought home to me when I once asking a hard-line communist student in Germany what he thought about 'freedom'. He scoffed at this notion with such vituperation it became instantly clear that we perceived society in ways that were utterly alien to each other.

Perhaps the commune worker who also plays a violin in the farm orchestra and the rugged Marlboro man are similar--they are myths, manifestations of an instinctive longing for a golden age, for the good old days.

Many of our founding fathers felt antipathy to a central government. That endures to this day and informs much of the emotional debate around health care reform. We cherish the notion of independence and freedom. Let the government stay out of my affairs! That is, we cherish freedom and independence until we are either old, sick, or have no job--or all three. Then suddenly we cherish social security and medicare--while we still cling to the notion that government is evil and a threat to our independence and freedom. As I see it, the only way for us to have our cake and eat it too is to compartmentalize our thinking. Or even better, substitute the feelings and emotions fed to us by demagogues on Fox News for any rational thought.

Unequal Democracy

2009-08-19T07:15:00.000-07:00

It is difficult to read Larry Bartels' book and not come away feeling unsettled. The book provides rigorous statistical proof for what we all suspect--the rich are getting richer, and the poor are getting poorer. Those conservatives who 'want their country back' should rejoice if they want to live in a dystopia of rich white men, by rich white men and for rich white men.

There is some good news. This book helps us to understand the often murky ways of politics, money and power. And awareness is a prerequisite of effective action.

Find this book at amazon.

Necanicum

2009-07-19T20:26:00.000-07:00

An onshore breeze drifts
fog across the runs and pools.
I cast to cutthroat.

The Nine

2008-10-11T15:34:00.000-07:00

Reading this book helped lift my customary electoral depression.

Jeffrey Toobin's book offers a wonderful balance between the specific
and the general. Concrete discussions of court cases, the drama of
nominations, and the unique lives, habits and biases of the justices
are more than just fascinating and entertaining. These details help
the reader to understand and appreciate two general forces informing
our democracy--the force to compromise moderating the divisive
tendencies of the extremes on the right and the left. For now, it
seems the drive to the center is still winning out in the supreme
court, and this does a lot to cheer me up in this season.

One recent personal event related to this book also helped to lift my
spirits. I was reading the book on board a flight when the attendent
stopped to ask me how I like the book. When I told her I liked the
book a lot, she said 'that's good to know, because I'm planning to
read it myself.' Somehow, its comforting to know that there are
people like the flight attendant who are at least as well read as
one of the vice presidential candidates. With an electorate like this
I'm sure we'll be able to separate the wheat from the chaff on election day.

Einstein. His Life and Universe.

2008-07-28T20:46:00.000-07:00

Walter Isaacson's biography (Simon and Shuster, 2007) of Albert Einstein has been frequently reviewed and praised. What seems especially valuable is Isaacson's analysis of the roots of Einstein's creativity. Like most great scientists, he had great curiosity. He also cherished an almost religious belief in the underlying primacy of natural law. As he drew his last breath he was still struggling to pull back the curtain even further on the hidden principles that embody a predictable universe.

Embracing the uncertainty of quantum behavior, many of Einstein's contemporaries were bemused by what they felt was his stubborn adherence to an old-fashioned 19th century positivism. Einstein himself probably relished the role of outsider.

This tendency to rub against the grain becomes understandable when we consider Einstein's core values: freedom, independence, flexibility, simplicity and solitude. Whether these values were the cause or the effect of his creativity is difficult to say, but there is little doubt after reading this book that without these values, Einstein would not have been the man he was.

Like his countryman, Thomas Mann, Albert Einstein found refuge in the United States. Each also contributed a son to the faculty at UC Berkeley. Someone once said Thomas Mann was the last great 19th century German author, one might say the something similar of Einstein.

James Garfield

2008-02-16T15:00:00.000-08:00

James Garfield, by Ira Rutkow, Henry Holt, New York, 2006.

It is President Garfield's unique tragedy that he should be remembered more for his dying than for his living. This biography does little to change that legacy. Half of the pages are devoted to his final days of suffering. But could we expect less from an author who is also a clinical professor of surgery?

This a book for anyone interested in the presidential history of that neglected period known as the Gilded Age. The ins and outs of Republican Bossism; the emblematic American saga of a boy born in a log cabin who educates himself and rises to Union army general, congressman, and finally, president--these subjects are meat enough for any book. But perhaps most gripping is the detailed accounting of the ideological battle Garfield's physicians wage over his festering wound. From the day he is shot til the day he dies they dispute one central question: is there such as thing as a germ, and why should we care?

It is Garfield's unique tragedy that he should be best remembered as a case study of a turning point in medical history. His life depended on who won out: the medieval old guard or the followers of Jenner. Unfortunately for him, it was the old guard.

A History of the German Colonies on the Volga

2007-09-04T21:22:00.000-07:00

Bonwetsch, Gerhard, Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien an der Wolga. Verlag von J. Engelhorns Nachfolge. Stuttgart, 1919.

When Bonwetsch wrote the forward to his history of the German colonies on the Volga their fate had already been sealed. Whole villages had disappeared as their inhabitants fled to America and elsewhere to escape the depredations of increasing tyrannical governments. Those who did not flee were either exterminated, or banished to Siberia.

A century and a half before this, the colonies got their first start when Catherine the Great issued her second manifesto in three parts on 22 July, 1763. More generous than her unsuccessful first attempts, this manifesto sought to entice immigrants by promising comprehensive rights -- freedom of religion, the right to self-government, exemption from military conscription in perpetuity, and extensive tax relief for at least 30 years. The whole project was carefully administered and controlled. The commission responsible for immigration was charged with documenting such details about the immigrants as profession, size of family, willingness to become permanent residents of Russia, and nationality. Consequently, we can know something of the background of each family who left for Russia.

There were no restrictions on profession, but there was an emphasis on attracting peasant farmers who would be able to improve land heretofore lying fallow. The authorities hoped in influx of skilled farmers would present an example of good husbandry to those already inhabiting the area. While immigrants had the option of settling most anywhere in the empire, peasants were encouraged to go into the Volga region where uncultivated land was still plentiful. Merchants were encouraged to settle the region along the Volga from Saratov downriver as far as Astrakhan in anticipation of eventually fostering trade with Persia. A growing Volga population would also provide a buffer against nomadic Asiatic tribes of the steppes.

The Volga region was fertile and part of the so-called black earth, or Chernozem belt stretching from the Sudeten to the Ural mountains--a soil very similar to that found in the Canadian prairies and in Texas. Both areas are ideally suited for grain farming.

When the incentives still proved insufficient to attract enough settlers, Catherine resorted to contracting with private recruiters of often murky backgrounds. The German countryside was overrun with numerous agents exaggerating the attractions of the Volga, competing against each other and even sabotaging each other. In the end, they were able to recruit about 25,000 settlers. This success is due in no small measure to the desperate conditions existing in German lands after the recent wars with France and Austria.

At first the princes of many German states were glad to be rid of a portion of their poorest. But with time they began to realize the consequences of loosing cheap labor. The Russian agents were not the only folks combing the countryside. The Prussians were looking to move more Germans into their eastern territories, the French were seeking colonists for Guyana, George the Third through his Hanoverian relations was doing the same for his North American colonies, and lastly but not least, the Emperor Joseph II of Austria was seeking settlers for his lands in Hungary and elsewhere in central Europe. Faced with serious loss of their peasant populations, the various German princes began to ban emigration to Russia: the Palatinate on 27 February, 1764; Bavaria also in 1764; the free city of Frankfurt on 21 April, 1765. Other German states followed with emigration bans in 1765, and finally, Prussia did the same on 1 May, 1766. These bans, of course, did not completely stop emigration; the smaller, less powerful states close to a border with a state still allowed emigration. And a number of people crossed the borders to those smaller states so they could be free to emigrate.

Settlers coming from different regions of Germany gathered and departed from different ports. Emigrants from the lower reaches of the Rhine left from Dutch ports. Other emigration routes led from Regensburg to Weimar to Lüneberg to Lübeck, and from southwest Germany to Worms to Westphalia to Hanover and then on to Lübeck as well. Hence Lübeck was the debarkation point for most of the emigrants.

According to surviving Volga village church records, the first settlers in Norka came from Hesse and the Palatinate, in Galka they came from the Palatinate, Hesse, Württemberg, and Baden. In general, it is likely the majority of the colonists came from Hesse since the predominate German dialect on the Volga stems from that region.

The port of entry was Saint Petersburg. Once on Russian soil, the immigrants came under the personal care and protection of Catherine and found their fortunes improving. Some proceeded overland to Saratov and their new homes. But most went by boat down the Volga. As happened while on board ships to St. Petersburg, those responsible for transporting the settlers deliberately delayed progress so they could sell supplies at inflated prices. The immigrants resented these attempts to cheat them, and occasionally vented their wrath on the local populations as well the Russian officials accompanying them.

After arriving in Saratov, the settlers were assigned 30 hectares (about 75 acres) of land per family. The Russian authorities desired that the youngest male of the family should inherit the land. The thinking behind this arrangement was that the older siblings should have the opportunity to learn trades or professions. However, as this was contrary to German respect for laws of primogeniture, the colonists rarely if ever following this practice. More significant was the fact that the land was actually the common property of the colony itself, and only loaned to a colonist family in perpetuity as long as they continued to live in the community. The right to the use of the land is what was inherited, not the land itself. Consequently there were no sales of land, or other similar documentation that would give some insight into the fortunes of specific persons or families. This arrangement was based on the Russian system free peasant communities owning all land in common--the "mir."

The colonists had been promised and expected to find houses already waiting for them when they arrived. But corruption and bad planning assured that most of the money allotted for this found its way into the pockets of corrupt officials instead. So the first settlers found nothing but fields of dried grass when they arrived at their homes. Most had to huddle under tents or sought the help of their Russian neighbors to throw together primitive sod huts dug into the earth. Nothing less would guarantee their survival through the first winter. One of the few consolations was to discover that the land indeed appeared to be fertile. Some of the colonists came with a good knowledge of farming, and possessed the personal resources they needed to use of the fertile soil. But the majority had come to the Volga colonies as a last resort after failures at other livelihoods had reduced them to poverty.

It should come then as no surprise that the founding years of the colonies were difficult and filled with deprivation. In the first years a few banded together and sought to either return overland to Germany on their own, or follow rumors of better conditions to the west near the Black Sea. These people were either slaughtered by Tartars on the way, or caught by the Cossacks and returned to the Volga.

The colonists remaining on the Volga encountered lack of medical services, new and unfamiliar diseases, extremes of climate, lack of clean water, backbreaking manual labor, livestock dying, nomadic raiding parties, and inadequate housing to see them through the first winter.

The founding of the Herrnhut colony of Sarepta has a different story. The brethren already had considerable experience founding colonies in America and elsewhere. The success of Sarepta was due mainly to their previous experience with colonies, careful preparation, and the support of the powerful Russian Count Chernyshyov--a close confidant of the empress who was sympathetic the society's missionary goals as long as they did not attempt to convert orthodox families. Sarepta enjoyed virtually the same rights and exemptions as the other Volga colonies, including interest-free loans, and freedom from taxation and conscription. In spite of the restrictions on their missionary activities, the Russian orthodox clergy were nervous about allowing these evangelical missionaries to settle on the Volga. Their reservations contributed to an extend period of negotiations between the brethren and the Russian government for several years.

In spite of the careful preparations made at Sarepta, the colony also suffered some setbacks. Like the other colonies, their farming settlements were raided and sometimes destroyed by the nomadic tribes from the steppes. The town was razed during the Pugachev rebellion. Plans to convert the Asiatic tribes were foiled by difficulties with their languages. As a result, the missionaries turned their attention to the other Volga German villages where they found a more receptive audience. In time, Sarepta prospered in spite of setbacks.

After 1800 the fortunes of the colonies began to improve. This was probably at least partly due to the transition to a pure form of the 'Mir' system of communal ownership of the land. Also, the colonies benefited from a relatively peaceful time during the first half of the 19th century while their former homelands suffered through the turbulence of the Napoleonic invasions, the Metternich era, and the revolution of 1848. The colonies also enjoyed the care and guidance of some exemplary pastors during this time. The first two protestant pastors in the colonies where the Swedish Luthern Altbaum, and the reformed paster Herwig from Cassel. Herwig was pastor in Norka. Six other pastors to other villages followed. Pastor Janet was then the first of a number of Swiss pietist pastors to come to the colonies. Like the other pietists who followed, Janet relied a good deal on his fellow pietists in the Moravian colony of Sarepta. However, after the death of Janet around 1800, the influence of the pietists in the colonies began to decline. Johann Cataneo succeeded Herwig as pastor in Norka, and he also had close ties with the pietists. However he was practical man of the enlightenment more inclined to serve his flock than to proselytize.

In spite of the praise of such illustrious visitors as Alexander von Humboldt, Sarepta began to decline after an early period of success and growth. Perhaps it was a combination of factors--a series of disastrous fires, failure of trading enterprises, over-specialization of the economy, and perhaps not least, some degree of complacency on the part of the inhabitants.

In a way, comparing the other Volga German colonies with Sarepta brings to mind the old fable of the tortoise and the hare. The other German colonies had to struggle along from the outset without the backing of a sponsoring organization like the Herrnhut brethren.

The colonies kept the usual small livestock--about an equal amount of sheep and pigs. One oddity is the fact that they were familiar with camels, and used them next to oxen to till the fields. Primary crops were grains such as wheat and rye, and tobacco to a lesser extent. Early on the nomadic tribes and especially the Kalmyk bought the crops. Then later on a goodly amount of the grain was exported to the west up the Volga. The merchant houses handling the exports were found for the most part in Saratov, and eventually contributed considerably to the wealth of the city.

The Russian government provided the Luthern church in the colonies with an organizational structure, but not the Reformed church. In time, only three major colonies remained prominent Reformed communities: Norka, Ustsolicha and Goloi-Karamysch. These three villages were part of the Lutheran parent organization in Moscow. Unfortunately, this arrangement did not ensure that the Lutheran and Reformed pastors always got along with each other without contention during the founding years. At first the pastors came from a variety of German-speaking areas in Europe, but over time, more and more came from the south German area, and aspecially from the missionary activities in Basel. Eventually, the Lutheran consistorium was relocated from Moscow to Saratov where it attempted to integrate the Reformed communities.

Education in the colonies was rudimentary at best. The teachers, some of whom could barely read and write, were often viewed with suspicion by the farmers as parasites. The demands of the fields left little in the way of resources for extensive education. It also did not help that the Russian authorities wished the colonies to gradually adopt a more Russian cultural identity. Hence the efforts of the Lutheran Bishop, Ignatius Aurelius Fessler, to establish a German high school in Saratov met repeatedly with rejection. However he was able to institute reforms and educational standards that helped to improve the education in the villages. Many years later, the colonists were finally able to establish an elementary and intermediate school in Saratov.

As time passed and the colonies began to loose their original regional identities, they began to establish a new cultural identity as Volga Germans. They acquired a Volga German dialect that retained many features of the Hessian dialects even as it acquired common Russian phrases such as 'strastje,' or 'Good day'. Evangelical Lutheran pastors could find themselves in charge of a Reformed parish. In dress the colonists were no different than the Russians; something that is reasonable given the climate. But Russians smoked cigarettes, while the Germans remained loyal to their pipes, or snuff.

Beginning in 1848, the Volga colonies undertook a period of expansion--a second colonization. As with so many other migrations, this one was prompted by a growing shortage of land. The families normally had many children, and, especially on the protestant west bank of the Volga, there was no new land available for the colonists. While some families moved to the Caucasus, the main migrations were east across the Volga. The Catholic colonies on the 'meadow side' of the Volga had not prospered as much, and some of their original land grants were made available to the protestant colonists. In addition, the steppes farther to the east were still relatively undeveloped and the domains of the nomadic Kirghiz. But persuading families to move on to the new lands was a hard sell. They remembered the hardships endured by their ancestors in the first years. The land to the east was less fertile, and not within the black earth Chernozem belt. The more wealthy colonists had to contribute considerable financial incentives in the form of loans, seed, and farming implements to persuade their poorer neighbors to move on to the new lands to the east. Once the migrations began, they continued until the end of the 19th century. The last new colony to the east was founded in 1902. As before, these daughter colonies also began to thrive. The few of the colonies that did not thrive or lacked the leadership of an evangelical pastor became fertile territory for various sects such as baptists and adventists.

The Russian Mennonite colonies were especially prosperous. Originally recruited from Poland and Prussia, the Mennonites settled in small colonies in southern Russia, to the east and near the Black Sea. They brought with them a more homogeneous social structure, better education, knowledge of modern agriculture practices, and the support of their fellow Mennonites back home. It did not hurt that they were also able to negotiate very favorable conditions with the Russian authorities.

In the second half of the 19th century the colonies began to enjoy the services of a number of new institutions, including fire insurance, and savings and loan banks. The banks were initially funded with money realized from the auction of the property of under-age orphans. The money was held in trust for the orphans until they came of age. In the mean time, the money could be invested by the banks that held it in trust.

The decline of the Volga colonies is said to have begun in 1871. In that year the Russian government abrogated the privileges originally granted the colonists. The government declared them to be a part of the regular Russian peasantry. The financial impact of this change was immediately apparent. Whereas up to then the colonists were liable only for a head tax, they now had to pay tax on the land they worked as well. Beginning in 1874 young male colonists were subject to military conscription. Only the Mennonites were able to avoid military service by serving in other capacities, for example, as firemen. By 1876, all traces of independent self-government were gone.

At the same time, the colonies began to suffer failed harvests. The soil had been worked for the same grain crops for 100 years, and droughts came more frequently. By the end of the 19th century the colonies had declined to the point where they were dependent on charitable support from various groups back home in Germany. Several villages had fallen into abject poverty. By 1900 a rail line and steamship service on the Volga reached as far as Saratov. This brought an increase in commerce and elevated grain prices. The consequence of this was that the farmers now gambled by concentrating on producing single crops that would bring the highest price on the market, and sold everything that they produced. This practice carried with it risk as nothing was held back for the lean years when harvests could fail. Another consequence was a sharp increase in the value of their land. When lean years of poor harvest alternated with good harvest years the net effect was that those families that had accumulated enough wealth to make it through the lean years began to give out loans to the less fortunate. The result over time was that the rich became richer, and the poor became poorer--little more than sharecroppers and day laborers on the lands of the wealthy. In almost every case, a family became wealthy when someone gained expertise in some other area in addition to farming--building a mill, skill in managing and lending money, construction.

Emigration out of Russia began about 1875 as financial problems accompanied a loss of the original privileges granted by Catherine. This was made easier by a government influenced by pan-slavism. Ridding the country of foreigners who refused to assimilate seemed desirable. And for those that did not leave, the government contemplated removing the rest to Siberia where a number of German colonies had already be established. At first Catholic villagers preferred to emigrate to Brasil. But there they did not find the type of land similar to the steppes, so many abandoned agriculture for other forms of employment. North America, however, drew the largest number of immigrants. Factory workers went to Sheboygan, Wisconsin. Four hundred families from Samara went to Fresno. The majority, however, emigrated to the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oregon and Washington. The author points out that those German emigrating to North America rapidly did something they never did in Russia--adopt the culture and language of their new home. Also, unlike while in Russia, they spare no expense in educating their children. The one feature they seem to have retained, is a tendency to quarrel among themselves over minutiae of religion. Attempts of some families to emigrate back to Germany were less successful. Agricultural practices in Germany had progressed, and the newcomers found it hard to adapt to them. A small number of the families returning to Germany at the beginning of the 20th century were re-settled on the slopes of Kilimanjaro in German colony of Tanzania.

Thomas Mann's Letters

2007-04-23T10:10:00.000-07:00

Recently I finished reading the war years letters of the German novelist, Thomas Mann.

In some ways the letters are like a reality show; they manifest a subtler form of fiction. The persona of the narrator is a major feature of Mann's late novel, Doktor Faustus, but we find a panoply of personae in his letters as well. Friend, colleague, loving father, political activist, professor--all the roles Mann assumed more or sometimes less willingly during his exile in America come to light.

In the end I'm left knowing more of the life roles Thomas Mann chose to play than of the man himself. Thomas Mann's diaries were published 20 years after his death and draw back the curtain a bit further. But for me, I suppose I prefer the glitter of the show more than the reality. The diaries can wait.

This is the second of a three-volume series of letters edited by Mann's daughter: Mann, Thomas, and Erika Mann. Briefe 1937-1947. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1963.

Serendipity lead me to notice one letter from Thomas Mann to Kuno Fiedler (1895-1973). At that time, Dr. Fiedler was pastor of the same Graubünden parish of St. Antönien that Johann Baptista Cattaneo had served over 150 years earlier.

Johann Baptista Cattaneo's Memoirs

2007-04-21T11:41:00.000-07:00

The following memoirs of Johann Baptista Cattaneo, Pastor of the Reformed Church in Norka, were published in the 1923 edition of the Wolgadeutsche Monatshefte, volume 2, pp. 23-5. The author introducing Cattaneo's own words is probably the Volga German, P. Sinner, who was editor of the Monatshefte at that time. This is my translation of the edited memoirs as they appeared in the Monatshefte. Cattaneo's signature was originally published in Dr. Holger Finze-Michaelson's biography of Cattaneo, Von Graubünden an die Wolga.

Johann Baptista Cattaneo - From the Life of One of the First Pastors in the Colonies

Preface

The following memoirs stem from the pen of one of the first historiographers of the Volga colonies. To be sure, they are only fragments from the active and rich life of an exceptionally educated and gifted man of the era. He devoted himself to the spiritual care of our immigrated ancestors and was always a ready friend and advisor. He was the first formally trained physician in the Volga region. His good name extended beyond the borders of the colonies into the steppes of the Kalmyk tribes. Even today the 'alte Katane' lives on in the reverent memory of our people. These memoirs were first published in the 1875 edition of the Wolga-Kalender--most likely contributed by Cattaneo's successor as pastor in Norka, Samuel Bonwetsch. Pastor Bonwetsch's pen also produced notable annals of the Reformed Church in the Volga colonies; these have been preserved in my possession and will appear in a later edition of this journal. P. S.

I

On the 22nd of July, 1763, Catherine the Second published a manifesto inviting foreign settlers to relocate to Russia. Thereupon our ancestors immigrated into this foreign land and found a new home on the banks of the Volga. They brought with them from their old home above all else something more precious than the finest gold--namely the faith of their fathers and the unadulterated gospel. In this respect they were especially fortunate because not long after their departure a drought of faithlessness befell Germany while the settlers on the Volga enjoyed the care of faithful shepherds of the soul who believed in Christ. One of these was Johann Baptista Cattaneo of whom this chronicler would now like to recount some details--or more accurately, allow him to tell some of his own story. I will only preface a few things as an introduction to his own words.

Johannes Baptista Cattaneo was born on the 27th of June, 1746 in Lavin, a small village in the Unter-Engadin area of the Swiss canton of Graubünden. His god-fearing parents Thomas and Ursula Cattaneo intended him for the ministry from the beginning. They taught him short prayers, verses from hymns, and religious sayings from an early age. Beginning at age 7 he went to the village school and learned to read, write, sing, and acquaint himself with Hubner's biblical stories. Then his father died in 1755. Cattaneo's guardian, the pastor Sebastian Sekka, assumed responsibility for his education. Later in life Cattaneo would often fondly recall the blessing he found in preparing for first communion. After 2 years of education with his erudite uncle Peter von Porta, Cattaneo left for the university in Zürich to pursue divinity studies. While boarding there with a physician he found opportunities to acquire medical training as well--especially in surgery. In 1766 Cattaneo completed his studies with highest honors and became pastor in Fläsch where he was blessed to work for 4 years. After a subsequent 1-year service in Tschuders he was called to be pastor in St. Anthony where he remained for 13 years. In the mean time he had married in 1770. Then, while on a trip to Chur in 1784 he was unexpectedly called to serve as pastor in Norka. He accepted the post and departed for the Volga on the 5th of May in the same year with his wife and 6 children. He arrived on the 3rd of August, 1784. He served in Norka with an occasional hiatus until the 15th of March, 1828 and then died peacefully in his sleep on the morning of 16 January, 1831.*)

*) During his first year in Russia Cattaneo wrote a small book well worth reading: "Eine Reise durch Deutschland und Rußland, seinen Freunden beschrieben von Johann Baptista Cattaneo aus Bünden, gegenwärtigem Pfarrer einer reformierten deutschen Colonie zu Norka in der Saratowischen Statthalterschaft an der Wolga in der russischen Tatarey in Asien. Chur 1787". In this work the author describes the impressions he gather in the various lands he traversed on the journey. He present especially valuable material about the conditions in Russia at that time. A postscript offers a cultural description of the colonies on the Volga. This small book has been out of print for a long time and only to be had at a handful of specialty bookshops. P. S.

II

Now we should let Cattaneo speak for himself. The beginning of his memoirs has unfortunately been lost, so his accounts begin with the numerous trips he was obliged tot undertake to the wide-spread reformed communities.

"Night fell during one of my trips to Pobochnoye and I unexpectedly stumbled across 10 to 12 unsavory characters -- Russians -- standing near some saddled horses. I had often been told that the woods near the Moscow highway harbored bandit gangs, and I did not doubt these wood-folk were one of those. It was too late to make an escape because they had already noticed us; to approach them seemed a risky proposition. Nonetheless I decided for the latter, strapped on my saber, equipped myself with a pair of loaded pistols, and made a stouthearted approach to their fire with my waggoner following along. There was embarrassment on both sides. We at the prospect of this sizable little group and they because they feared us to be officials of the Inquisition on the hunt for heretics, and reinforced by a sizable contingent just down the road. Even though I did not attempt to dissemble, and openly answered their inquiries into the nature of our journey, they remained uncertain. I smoked my pipe peacefully in the back of my wagon, etc., and awaited the morning. But when it started to dawn, the others beat a hasty departure without molesting us. -- This occurred in the summer of 1788, and no-one has heard from the bandits since.

Fellowship with the more remotely situated Germans whom I served was all the more pleasant since it happened only infrequently. I found many opportunities to serve both the body and the soul of my fellow man. Although I often experienced adversity on those journeys, the joys of my service caused me to forget the difficulties, and I never feared to undertake future trips. --

In 1791 during the winter my wagoner and I lost our way on the other side of the Volga in the trackless steppes. Night fell, and we had to camp in the snow as best we could. In the morning we found our way again and arrived at the next colony after a detour of about 30 versts. -- In the winter of 1816 we had to spend another night in the field during a heavy blizzard. I was in the colony of Splauwnucha (Huck) located about 10 versts from Norka and departed from there in the afternoon in a heavy snow storm. The weather steadily deteriorated, becoming for us especially dangerous because the wind drove the snow into our faces. After a long and arduous journey I thought we had reached the outskirts of Norka. But once again we lost our way although we had already been underway for hours. In fact, we could no longer make any progress at all because of the cold and the icy surface caused our horse to become unhitched; our wagoner was no longer able to re-hitch the horse again and again. Also, the horse was exhausted. We set up camp as night had long since fallen and we found ourselves in unknown territory. I settled down in the snow, but the wagoner declared he could not hold out here; he had become overheated from repeatedly hitching the horse, and now he was freezing in his sweaty clothes. He set out again and fortunately found Norka. Then people came out from the colony to search for me, and brought me home about 1 in the morning. -- In 1790 I was on the way to Splawnucha (Huck) across the Mühlen-See lake--the usual route between the two colonies in winter. But I broke through the ice and was thrown in. Necessity, my bedding and my furs helped me to stay afloat and swim to shore. The wagoner safely stationed on the opposite bank with his sleigh watched all this frozen with horror while I froze from the cold. We eventually reached the colony about 2 versts further on where I recovered without any ill effects.

In the spring of 1798 after the water had receded some I was dragged into the water at the same location in half of a carriage--we had lost the rear axle and wheels in the descent of the bank. But the horse pulled the floating front half onto the other shore where the nail broke that joined the rest of the wagon to the front. And so good fortune once again allowed me to sit high and dry after another adventure. I had to view it as a miracle of divine providence--as in so many other perils--to escape unscathed. To God be all praise and thanks!

In 1805 I took my son Lukas by post coach to the Imperial University in Dorpat, Livonia, which is about 2000 versts from here. We had many good experiences in Moscau, St. Petersburg and Dorpat. Our educational plans received especially generous support from His Imperial Majesty in St. Petersburg, and my son was graciously awarded a stipendium of 1200 rubles for his 3-year course of study. -- It was more than suitable that I should demonstrate my appreciation for this generosity by continuing my work of inoculating the population of every German village on the Volga against smallpox--a task I had already begun at the imperial request. After I had inoculated 8000 children, His Majesty most graciously awarded me a golden container and then later the cross of the Order of St. Vladimir to wear on my breast. -- My aforementioned son Lucas took his exams in St. Petersburg in 1808 after finishing his studies, was ordained to the ministry, and in accordance with my wishes, was assigned as my assistant. In the spring of 1809 he was called by official decree to serve as preacher in the evangelical congregations in Astrakhan. After 2 years there he returned to me with wife and child, where he lived with me at my expense as an unpaid assistant until 1817. In that year I appealed to the judicial council to be relieved of the duties that had become too burdensome for me. My request was granted and my son was installed as my successor.

For 33 years I have served this parish and have been an active pastor for 51 years. Now I devote myself entirely at my convenience to spiritual duties since my 73 years reminds me emphatically that my strength is diminishing. I continue my medical practice daily as there is always a need. --

III

The Lord has also richly blessed me in this work. With humble thanks I give testament: Lord, You are the Master, we are only poor tools in Your Hand. Among the many operations I performed up to 1819 I've noted down 16 amputations of arms, legs, fingers, etc. which all recovered happily. 27 cases of cancer of the mouth, face, neck, and breast were operated and well healed. Many who suffered from dropsy and sought timely help were restored to health. Other growths on various parts of the body as well as many internal and external wounds and infirmities were frequently cured. In my medical practice I have always sought to employ the simplest medications and means to save myself and the patients costs; for the simplest methods often lead to better recovery than do the expensive, more elaborately compounded medications.

I would like to relate several extraordinary cures because of their unusual nature.

The headman in Splawnucha (Huck) notified me about a colonist in his village who was so melancholy that he talked constantly of suicide and didn't do any work at all. Hence the community had heeded an official decree for the past several yeasts to feed him and his family. I visited the supposed invalid to hear his confession, and made efforts to help him. But the man found his situation all too agreeable and did not show any improvement. Finally I had my fill as had the entire village for some time already. I recruited 4 stalwart, honorable men from the village, and went with them to visit the man. After discussing strategy with my 4 helpers beforehand, I proceeded to tell the man in no uncertain terms that he had sinned long enough by threatening for years to commit suicide, and that the entire community considered him to be a suicide already. So it was high time that he carried through with his threats; he had already burdened his fellow colonists long enough. We had come to be witnesses. I was ready to report back on his successful suicide, and he should get on with it and complete the devilish deed on the spot. With some difficulty we were able to get the well-fed fellow into his clothes. But before we finished, he began to haggle and bargain. First he requested that we must throw him in the water. This we immediately rejected as we desired no part of the sinful act of suicide. Finally he asked for patience and promised to commit suicide by his own hand.

We consented. But then after more discussion we all reached an agreement: he promised from that hour hence to return to his work and never threaten suicide again. He kept his word and has lived for a number of years since an orderly, respectable life, and worked to support himself and his family.

A colonist in Warenburg came to me and lamented the miserable condition of his 30-year-old daughter. Because of her delicate physical nature, she was spared from working in the fields. But since she had a nice, religious education and had an aptitude, she undertook to give religious instruction to children in addition to her normal feminine pursuits. In other respects she led a quit, decent life. Recently though she had begun to develop the peculiar and regrettable habit of mixing together the most sacred and the most profane behavior. She sang and prayed, laughed and danced, and bestowed the gentlest and most sentimental caresses on male passers-by. And amidst all this craziness she acted as if this were the most normal thing in the world. And so I consented for her to be brought to our home in Norka where she wreaked havoc day and night for several weeks. No medicines had any affect. Then during one night--it was between Saturday and Sunday--she took everything that was not nailed down in the house and put it on display on the graves in the nearby cemetery. This was the last straw. I threatened to give her a good thrashing the next time she pulled such a stunt. But she behaved cute, as she did after every misdeed like this, and was convinced I would not carry through on my promise. The following night her insane, self-supposed religious behavior was more deranged than ever. I kept my word and gave her a sound beating on the spot. She crept off--and was cured. Never again did she behave indecently, or cantankerously. From that day she led a quiet, upright, exemplary life.

Once the Norka villager B. brought me his unmarried daughter who was of age, but insane. I found it necessary to open a vein in her foot to bleed her. The moment she saw blood she began incessantly to scream at the top of her lungs to have the foot bandaged. When she was ignored, she exclaimed she was dying. Immediately she fell down and screamed: I are dead, I are dead. Then she began to play the corpse. Her father suffered terrible fits of anxiety, but I reassured him and demanded we begin on the spot to prepare for the burial. I asked a man who happened to be present to have a grave prepared, arrange for bearers, etc. The dead woman heard all this, and not only resurrected, but jumped up and hurried out the door and across the yard with unbandaged foot. Her father had to exert himself considerably to catch up with her. She was cured, married later on in Norka, and never again showed a trace of mental illness.

Now, it seems probable I'll reach the end of my earthly journey before long--a journey filled with sin, but redeemed by Christ. And so it is with humble and heartfelt thanks to my beloved Lord that I exclaim: You have shown me more patience, grace and mercy than I can comprehend! I am of ashes and earth; what value am I? Nothing in me is of value other than what was accomplished by the blood of Jesus. He has loved me so! Oh God, what a gift of love and mercy I have in His death! How do I thank Him now? What can I do for Him? Oh, if only every drop of my blood could be hallowed to honor Him! -- Norka, March 27, 1819.

Today is April 30, 1826, and I am still healthy. Since I am well, and by the grace of the Lord still strong and active, it seems fitting that I should append the following.

In 1821, middle of March, the recently established Evangelical Synod in Saratov undertook an extensive reorganization of the various preachers and parishes. This resulted in my son, Lukas, going as pastor to the Talowka parish, and the parish in Norka unanimously asking me, this old preacher, not to abandon them as long as I should still live. I decided to consent to their wishes. Since that time I have been their sole preacher and spiritual shepherd. And by the grace of the Lord I have remained healthy and able to fulfill all pastoral duties promptly and faithfully! In July of the past year of 1825 I visited the brethren in Sarepta and much enjoyed celebrating there my 80th birthday with my children. I then returned in good health and reinvigorated to my beloved parish where I stand ready to live or die according to the will and mercy of the Lord. May He continue to grant me the consolation of my faith: I know in whom I believe, and that He will delay my burial until the appointed time.

Thus end the memoirs of J. B. Cattaneo.

Von Graubünden an die Wolga

2007-04-18T21:10:00.000-07:00

Since some of my ancestors came from the Volga German village of Norka, I was pleased when the Reverend Doctor Holger Finze-Michaelson agreed to send me a copy of his book about one of Norka's first pastors. I was hoping Dr. Finze-Michaelson's biography of Johannes Baptista Cattaneo, Von Graubünden an die Wolga, would help answer some questions I had about this unique clergyman and his time.

What would motivate a man with a growing family and a devoted parish to leave his beloved Swiss highlands for a bleak outpost on the doorstep of Asia? How would this village of stolid German protestants receive a preacher who had embraced Herrnhuter pietism? What was life like on the Volga for my ancestors?

Dr. Finze-Michaelson has given years to researching Cattaneo and his fellow clergyman. Filled with details from their lives, this book shows us what it meant to be a man of the cloth during the Age of Enlightenment. Climbing unclimbed peaks, exploring unplumbed caverns, following the trail of the alpine hare, inoculating villagers against smallpox, confronting bandits with a brace of pistols--like many of his colleagues of the reformed faith, Cattaneo was not only spiritual but intellectually curious.

By the end of the book it is abundantly clear that Cattaneo was a unique personality. That he survived not only his wife but virtually all of his children, living to the age of 86, only served to further enhance the legendary status of 'der alte Katane' in the memories of successive generations of Volga Germans.

So did Dr. Finze-Michaelson's book answer my questions?

It still seems hard to imagine Cattaneo leaving the beauty and settled life of a Swiss parish for the uncertain fortunes of the Volga. His motivations were clearly much different from those of the colonists who went out of economic necessity. Yet he did not hesitate to heed the call. Perhaps only he knew whether it was the opportunity to serve where he was really needed or the opportunity to explore new landscapes that tugged the strongest.

As to how Cattaneo's pietistic persuasion was received by the Norka villagers, this book does give a clear-cut answer: not well. When Cattaneo first arrived on the Volga he tried to grow the small flock of pietists he found in the villages. He was very nearly run out on a rail for his efforts. Fortunately for himself and the villagers, he showed himself to be a good exponent of 18th century reason, and compromised. His desire to serve the village on its own terms was clearly stronger than his desire to serve the ideals espoused by Zinzendorff. But in his private life, he did not compromise. That he sent as many of his children as he could to live in Herrnhut communities in Serapta and elsewhere shows he continued to value this devotional, introspective Christian movement.

This book also offers some colorful insights into life on the Volga. The colonists endured hardship, living in one- and two-room hovels with the new-born livestock that could not be left to the mercy of a Russian winter. Some were not above peppering a cantankerous neighbor with bird shot. Most probably had little time or energy for much reflection. They appreciated a good sermon, but being simple farming folk, they equally appreciated the man who came from Switzerland to set a leg when someone fell off a horse, or show them how to grow better apples.

The Reverend Dr. Holder Finze-Michaelson is a former pastor of Cattaneo's old Swiss parish of St. Antönien. He currently is pastor in Zweisimmen, Canton Bern, and ably carries on the traditions of the scholar-pastors who preceded him in the Reformed Church in Switzerland. His book is Von Graubünden an die Wolga. Pfarrer Johannes Baptista Cattaneo (1745-1831) und seine Zeit. Chur, 1992.